Table 4-.
The Effect of Average Parental Income Between Age 0 and 18 on Health
| Very good or excellent general health |
Metabolic Syndrome |
Physical limitation |
Current Smoker |
Cigarettes Smoked Daily |
3 or More Drinks Per Day |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A: IV Estimates | ||||||
| Average Parental Income Between Age 0 and 18 ($10,000) | 0.025*** (0.006) |
−0.001 (0.001) |
−0.009*** (0.003) |
−0.029*** (0.007) |
−0.521*** (0.114) |
0.002 (0.005) |
| Panel B: OLS Estimates | ||||||
| Average Parental Income Between Age 0 and 18 ($10,000) | 0.008*** (0.001) |
−0.001*** (0.000) |
−0.004*** (0.001) |
−0.008*** (0.001) |
−0.128*** (0.026) |
0.000 (0.001) |
| Observations | 49,354 | 32,262 | 49,345 | 33,278 | 33,315 | 32,717 |
| Mean of Dependent Variable | 0.677 | 0.015 | 0.087 | 0.228 | 3.114 | 0.221 |
Notes: These results use the variable very good or excellent health as the outcome of interest. Regressions include controls for the individual’s sex, race and age, parental characteristics summarized in Table 1, age in childhood when their parental income is first observed, cohort fixed effects, state fixed effects and state policy controls for GDP, Food Stamps, Aid to Families with Dependent Children and minimum wage rate. Standard errors are clustered at the family level to account for within family correlated error terms. Standard errors are in parentheses. All results are weighted by average childhood PSID weights. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01