Table 2.
Modulating microbiome composition through prebiotic supplementation.
| Prebiotics | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Prebiotics can be used to transform the microbiome from a sick state to a healthy one by encouraging the growth of helpful microorganisms. | [117] | |
| 2. The human gut has shown that XOSs can increase the growth of Bifidobacterium; however, because intervention doses and durations vary, the effects on other bacterial genera are still unknown. | [118] | |
| 3. Preclinical research, notably, has shown that the gut microbiome of individuals who respond to immune checkpoint blockers contains more beneficial bacteria than that of non-responders, including Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Ruminococcaceae, and Faecalibacterium. | [120] | |
| 4. Beneficial bacteria including Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Akkermansia increased in mice given oral inulin gel, according to research by Han et al. Combined with α-PD-1, this boosted the antitumor effects by inducing a T cell response. | [121] |
XOS, xylo-oligosaccharides; α-PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1.