Table 5.
The antioxidant activity of flavonoids.
| Compound | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|
| Benzoic and cinnamic acids | 1. Strong antioxidants, metal chelators, modifiers of endogenous defense systems such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidases (GPx), enhancers of glutathione’s redox status, and modulators of different proteins and transcription factors such as nuclear factor erythroid related factor (NRF2) are just a few of their many biological properties. | [328,331] |
| Vanillic acid (VA) | 2. The expression of hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF-1) protein synthesis was affected by VA in a dose-dependent (30 µM) manner in HCT116 CRC cells, preventing angiogenesis, proliferation, and cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. | [332] |
| Gentisic acid (GeA) | 3. Since GeA scavenges free radicals and interacts agonistically with NRF2, which regulates the synthesis of antioxidant molecules, it possesses potent antioxidant qualities. | [336] |
| Gallic acid (GA) | 4. GA’s anticancer effects are mediated mainly through the inhibition of cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, ROS formation and propagation, and cellular proliferation. | [329,342] |
| Syringic acid (SyA) | 5. SyA has been demonstrated to possess antioxidant qualities by preventing the production of ROS (superoxide dismutase) and decreasing cell adhesion by lowering attachment to extracellular matrix (ECM) in human lung A549 and colon cancer HT29-D4 cells. | [346] |
SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GPx, glutathione peroxidases; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2; HIF-1, hypoxia-inducing factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ECM, extracellular matrix.