Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health logoLink to Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
. 2004 Aug;58(8):635–641. doi: 10.1136/jech.2003.008466

Bias

M Delgado-Rodriguez 1, J Llorca 1
PMCID: PMC1732856  PMID: 15252064

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (84.1 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Arrighi H. M., Hertz-Picciotto I. The evolving concept of the healthy worker survivor effect. Epidemiology. 1994 Mar;5(2):189–196. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199403000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bland J. M., Altman D. G. Some examples of regression towards the mean. BMJ. 1994 Sep 24;309(6957):780–780. doi: 10.1136/bmj.309.6957.780. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Brenner H. Bias due to non-differential misclassification of polytomous confounders. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993 Jan;46(1):57–63. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90009-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Brenner H., Blettner M. Misclassification bias arising from random error in exposure measurement: implications for dual measurement strategies. Am J Epidemiol. 1993 Sep 15;138(6):453–461. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Callaham Michael, Wears Robert L., Weber Ellen. Journal prestige, publication bias, and other characteristics associated with citation of published studies in peer-reviewed journals. JAMA. 2002 Jun 5;287(21):2847–2850. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.21.2847. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chiang C. L. Competing risks in mortality analysis. Annu Rev Public Health. 1991;12:281–307. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pu.12.050191.001433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Copeland K. T., Checkoway H., McMichael A. J., Holbrook R. H. Bias due to misclassification in the estimation of relative risk. Am J Epidemiol. 1977 May;105(5):488–495. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Davis C. E. The effect of regression to the mean in epidemiologic and clinical studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1976 Nov;104(5):493–498. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112321. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Dosemeci M., Wacholder S., Lubin J. H. Does nondifferential misclassification of exposure always bias a true effect toward the null value? Am J Epidemiol. 1990 Oct;132(4):746–748. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115716. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Egger M., Zellweger-Zähner T., Schneider M., Junker C., Lengeler C., Antes G. Language bias in randomised controlled trials published in English and German. Lancet. 1997 Aug 2;350(9074):326–329. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02419-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Ellenberg J. H. Selection bias in observational and experimental studies. 1994 Mar 15-Apr 15Stat Med. 13(5-7):557–567. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780130518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Feinstein A. R., Horwitz R. I. An algebraic analysis of biases due to exclusion, susceptibility, and protopathic prescription in case-control research. J Chronic Dis. 1981;34(8):393–403. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(81)90038-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Feinstein A. R., Sosin D. M., Wells C. K. The Will Rogers phenomenon. Stage migration and new diagnostic techniques as a source of misleading statistics for survival in cancer. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jun 20;312(25):1604–1608. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198506203122504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Feinstein A. R., Walter S. D., Horwitz R. I. An analysis of Berkson's bias in case-control studies. J Chronic Dis. 1986;39(7):495–504. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(86)90194-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Flanders W. D., Boyle C. A., Boring J. R. Bias associated with differential hospitalization rates in incident case-control studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 1989;42(5):395–401. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(89)90127-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Frisch M., Olsen J. H., Bautz A., Melbye M. Benign anal lesions and the risk of anal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994 Aug 4;331(5):300–302. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199408043310504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Froom P., Melamed S., Kristal-Boneh E., Benbassat J., Ribak J. Healthy volunteer effect in industrial workers. J Clin Epidemiol. 1999 Aug;52(8):731–735. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(99)00070-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Glesby M. J., Hoover D. R. Survivor treatment selection bias in observational studies: examples from the AIDS literature. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Jun 1;124(11):999–1005. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-124-11-199606010-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Goldstein A. M., Hodge S. E., Haile R. W. Selection bias in case-control studies using relatives as the controls. Int J Epidemiol. 1989 Dec;18(4):985–989. doi: 10.1093/ije/18.4.985. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Greenland S. Basic methods for sensitivity analysis of biases. Int J Epidemiol. 1996 Dec;25(6):1107–1116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Greenland S. Response and follow-up bias in cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1977 Sep;106(3):184–187. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112451. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Greenland S. The effect of misclassification in the presence of covariates. Am J Epidemiol. 1980 Oct;112(4):564–569. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Greenland Sander, Brumback Babette. An overview of relations among causal modelling methods. Int J Epidemiol. 2002 Oct;31(5):1030–1037. doi: 10.1093/ije/31.5.1030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hernández Aguado I., Ruiz-Atienza L., Fernández García I., Fernández García E., Alvarez-Dardet C. Evaluación de la variabilidad del diagnóstico rápido de infección por Chlamydia trachomatis mediante immunofluorescencia directa. Med Clin (Barc) 1990 Jan 13;94(1):9–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hill Gerry, Connelly James, Hébert Réjean, Lindsay Joan, Millar Wayne. Neyman's bias re-visited. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003 Apr;56(4):293–296. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00571-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Horwitz R. I., Feinstein A. R. Exclusion bias and the false relationship of reserpine and breast cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1985 Oct;145(10):1873–1875. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Johannes C. B., Crawford S. L., McKinlay J. B. Interviewer effects in a cohort study. Results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Sep 1;146(5):429–438. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009296. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Jüni Peter, Holenstein Franziska, Sterne Jonathan, Bartlett Christopher, Egger Matthias. Direction and impact of language bias in meta-analyses of controlled trials: empirical study. Int J Epidemiol. 2002 Feb;31(1):115–123. doi: 10.1093/ije/31.1.115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Khoury M. J., Flanders W. D. Bias in using family history as a risk factor in case-control studies of disease. Epidemiology. 1995 Sep;6(5):511–519. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199509000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kjaergard Lise L., Gluud Christian. Citation bias of hepato-biliary randomized clinical trials. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Apr;55(4):407–410. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00513-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kleinbaum D. G., Morgenstern H., Kupper L. L. Selection bias in epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1981 Apr;113(4):452–463. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Knottnerus J. A., Leffers P. The influence of referral patterns on the characteristics of diagnostic tests. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992 Oct;45(10):1143–1154. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(92)90155-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lewis J. A., Machin D. Intention to treat--who should use ITT? Br J Cancer. 1993 Oct;68(4):647–650. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1993.402. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. MacMahon S., Peto R., Cutler J., Collins R., Sorlie P., Neaton J., Abbott R., Godwin J., Dyer A., Stamler J. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990 Mar 31;335(8692):765–774. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90878-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Maclure M., Schneeweiss S. Causation of bias: the episcope. Epidemiology. 2001 Jan;12(1):114–122. doi: 10.1097/00001648-200101000-00019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Maldonado George, Greenland Sander. Estimating causal effects. Int J Epidemiol. 2002 Apr;31(2):422–429. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Melton L. J., 3rd, Dyck P. J., Karnes J. L., O'Brien P. C., Service F. J. Non-response bias in studies of diabetic complications: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993 Apr;46(4):341–348. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(93)90148-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Moher D., Schulz K. F., Altman D. G. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Lancet. 2001 Apr 14;357(9263):1191–1194. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Murray D. M. Statistical models appropriate for designs often used in group-randomized trials. Stat Med. 2001 May 15;20(9-10):1373–1385. doi: 10.1002/sim.675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. NEYMAN J. Statistics; servant of all sciences. Science. 1955 Sep 2;122(3166):401–406. doi: 10.1126/science.122.3166.401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Neugebauer R., Ng S. Differential recall as a source of bias in epidemiologic research. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43(12):1337–1341. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(90)90100-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Pollock A. M., Benster R., Vickers N. Why did treatment rates for colorectal cancer in south east England fall between 1982 and 1988? The effect of case ascertainment and registration bias. J Public Health Med. 1995 Dec;17(4):419–428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ransohoff D. F., Feinstein A. R. Problems of spectrum and bias in evaluating the efficacy of diagnostic tests. N Engl J Med. 1978 Oct 26;299(17):926–930. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197810262991705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Robins J., Pike M. The validity of case-control studies with nonrandom selection of controls. Epidemiology. 1990 Jul;1(4):273–284. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199007000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Sackett D. L. Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis. 1979;32(1-2):51–63. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(79)90012-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Salas M., Hofman A., Stricker B. H. Confounding by indication: an example of variation in the use of epidemiologic terminology. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Jun 1;149(11):981–983. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009758. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Schulz K. F., Chalmers I., Hayes R. J., Altman D. G. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA. 1995 Feb 1;273(5):408–412. doi: 10.1001/jama.273.5.408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Schulz Kenneth F., Grimes David A. Blinding in randomised trials: hiding who got what. Lancet. 2002 Feb 23;359(9307):696–700. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07816-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Shaper A. G., Wannamethee G., Walker M. Alcohol and mortality in British men: explaining the U-shaped curve. Lancet. 1988 Dec 3;2(8623):1267–1273. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92890-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Simon R. Length biased sampling in etiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1980 Apr;111(4):444–452. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112920. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Song F., Eastwood A. J., Gilbody S., Duley L., Sutton A. J. Publication and related biases. Health Technol Assess. 2000;4(10):1–115. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Steineck G., Ahlbom A. A definition of bias founded on the concept of the study base. Epidemiology. 1992 Nov;3(6):477–482. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199211000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Sterne J. A., Gavaghan D., Egger M. Publication and related bias in meta-analysis: power of statistical tests and prevalence in the literature. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000 Nov;53(11):1119–1129. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00242-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Walker A. M. Confounding by indication. Epidemiology. 1996 Jul;7(4):335–336. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Wickström G., Bendix T. The "Hawthorne effect"--what did the original Hawthorne studies actually show? Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000 Aug;26(4):363–367. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Wynder E. L. Investigator bias and interviewer bias: the problem of reporting systematic error in epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994 Aug;47(8):825–827. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(94)90184-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Zhou X. H. Correcting for verification bias in studies of a diagnostic test's accuracy. Stat Methods Med Res. 1998 Dec;7(4):337–353. doi: 10.1177/096228029800700403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES