Table 1.
Dietary Fish Reduces AD Risk (9 positive studies).
| Study | Population | Methods | Findings | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalmijn et al. 1997 (70) | Zutphen N=476 men, 64-89 yrs | Diet history, MMSE | Fish intake reduced in 153 impaired men, but n-3 not associated with 3 yr cognitive decline | Fish intake inversely correlated with cognitive decline (adjusted OR = 0.45, p = 0.09); Linoleic Acid raised risk. |
| Kalmijn et al. 1997 (71) | Rotterdam, N=5,386, 55+ yrs | Diet history, dementia | High fish, RR (D)=0.4; RR (AD)=0.3 | Saturated fat and cholesterol increased risk |
| Morris et al., 2003 (72) | Chicago, N=815 unimpaired, 65-94 yrs | Diet history, 2.3 yr follow-up test for AD | 131/ 815 developed AD, 60% less risk of AD with fish | DHA but not EPA associated with low AD risk |
| Kalmijn et al., 2004 (73) | Zutphen N=1,613, 45-70 yrs, | Diet history, Cog testing | High n-3 reduces risk of cognitive impairment | Cholesterol and sat. fat increased risk |
| Morris et al., 2005 (74) | Chicago, N=3,718 65+, mean 74 yrs | Diet history, Cog testing | Fish consumption associated with reduced cognitive decline over 6 yrs | No clear association with n-3 intake |
| Huang et al., 2005 (75) | Boston | Diet history, Dementia/ AD | Fish consumption reduces AD risk by 41%, dementia by 28% | Risk reduction only in non-ApoE4 |
| Nurk et al., 2007 (76) | Norway, N=2031, 70-74 yrs | Diet history, Cog testing | Less than 10 g/ day fish intake predicts poor Cog performance | Most Cog function improved dose-dependently up to 75 g/ d fish |
| Barberger-Gateauet al. 2007 (77) | France, 3-City, n=8,085, Non-demented, 65+ | Diet history, 4 yr follow-up, Dementia/AD | 281 dementia (183 AD) Fish reduced dementia (HR=0.46) and AD (HR=0.65) | Fish only protective for AD in non-ApoE4 (HR=0.60) |
| van Gelder et al. 2007 (78) | Zutphen, (N=210, men 70-89 yrs) | Diet history, 5 yr follow-up, MMSE | ∼400 mg/day DHA+EPA associates with reduced decline | Dose-dependent effect |
Abbreviations: Cognitive, Cog; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; eicosapentanoic acid, EPA; hazard ratio, HR; Mini-mental status examination, MMSE; OR, Odds Ratio. Sat., saturated.