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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Surgery. 2016 Aug 6;160(6):1551–1559. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.06.020

Table 2.

Odds ratios from logistic model

Odds Ratio 95% CI p
Rural/urban status
 Non-rural Ref -- --
 Rural 1.14 1.09 – 1.19 <0.001
Age
 Younger than 18 Ref -- --
 18–24 1.88 1.17 – 2.07 <0.001
 25–34 1.81 1.64 – 1.99 <0.001
 35–44 1.83 1.66 – 2.02 <0.001
 45–54 2.19 1.99 – 2.40 <0.001
 55–64 2.79 2.54 – 3.07 <0.001
 65 or older 6.44 5.93 – 7.01 <0.001
Sex
 Male Ref -- --
 Female 0.66 0.64 – 0.68 <0.001
Trauma Designation
 Level I 1.34 1.24 – 1.45 <0.001
 Level II 1.84 1.74 – 1.95 <0.001
 Level III 2.34 2.23 – 2.45 <0.001
 Level IV/Non-Trauma Ref -- --
 Trauma level masked (I or II) 1.80 1.66 – 1.95 <0.001
 Trauma level masked (I, II, or III) 2.18 2.04 – 2.32 <0.001
ISS
 1–8 Ref -- --
 9–15 26.39 25.11 – 27.73 <0.001
 16–19 72.82 68.64 – 77.24 <0.001
 20 or higher 232.80 220.13 – 246.20 <0.001
 Unknown 5.80 5.05 – 6.65 <0.001
Blunt injury
 No Ref -- --
 Yes 1.05 1.00 – 1.10 0.063
Penetrating injury
 No Ref -- --
 Yes 4.37 4.11 – 4.65 <0.001
Charlson Comorbidity Index
 0 Ref -- --
 1 1.21 1.16 – 1.27 <0.001
 1 or more 2.36 2.26 – 2.47 <0.001
Census Region
 Northeast Ref -- --
 Midwest 0.83 0.79 – 0.88 <0.001
 South 1.08 1.03 – 1.13 0.002
 West 0.99 0.94 – 1.05 0.828