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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 7.
Published in final edited form as: Metabolism. 2016 Jul 25;65(11):1605–1613. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.07.008

Table 3. Biomarker summary data (mean [SEM]).

Biomarkers All Baseline (n = 245) Lower Fat Diet 12 Months (n = 68) Lower Carb Diet 12 Months (n = 61) Walnut-Rich Diet 12 Months (n = 65)
% Insulin resistant 51.4 32.4* 39.3* 40.0*
Insulin (μIU/mL)a 14.5 (0.5) 12.2 (0.8)* 13.0 (1.0) 13.8 (1.2)
Glucose (mg/dL)b 97 (1) 92 (1)* 93 (2) 93 (1)*
HOMA-IR 4 (0.1) 3 (0.2)* 3 (0.3)* 3 (0.3)
HOMA-Beta 160 (6) 158 (9) 162 (10) 164 (10)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)c 124 (4) 116 (6)* 112 (7)* 101 (6)*
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)d 59 (1) 63 (2)* 61 (2)* 67 (2)*
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)d 122 (2) 114 (4) 115 (3)* 115 (4)*
CRP (μg/mL)e 4.86 (0.34) 3.95 (0.72)* 2.89 (0.49)* 2.94 (0.45)*
IL-6 (pg/mL) 2.62 (0.13) 1.49 (0.16)* 1.79 (0.36) * 1.50 (0.20)*
SHBG (nmol/L) 56 (2) 73 (5)* 64 (5) 69 (5)*
Estradiol (pg/mL)f
Premenopausal (n = 100) 127 (8) 140 (25) 91 (16) 119 (23)
Postmenopausal (n = 145 24 (2) 25 (8) 26 (7)* 27 (7)
Linoleic acid (%) 13.3 (0.2) 11.7 (0.2) * 12.0 (0.3) * 12.3 (0.3) *,**
α-Linolenic acid (%) 0.12 (0.005) 0.14 (0.01)* 0.15 (0.01) 0.22 (0.03)*,**
*

Time effect within diet compared with baseline (significant diet × time interaction), P < 0.05.

**

Diet effect compared with lower carbohydrate diet at a given time, P < 0.05.

a

Multiply by 6.945 to obtain pmol/L.

b

Multiply by 0.0555 to obtain mmol/L

c

Multiply by 0.0113 to obtain mmol/L.

d

Multiply by 0.0259 to obtain mmol/L.

e

Multiply by 9.524 to obtain nmol/L.

f

Multiply by 3.671 to obtain pmol/L. Postmenopausal was defined as FSH > 20 IU/L (and includes two subjects who reported themselves premenopausal at baseline)