. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 7.

Published in final edited form as: Metabolism. 2016 Jul 25;65(11):1605–1613. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.07.008

Table 4. Biomarkers stratified by insulin resistance status (mean [SEM]) for analytes that differed by insulin resistance status.

Biomarkers	All Insulin Sensitive at Baseline (n = 119)	Lower Fat Diet 12 Months (n = 33)	Lower Carb Diet 12 Months (n = 34)	Walnut-Rich Diet 12 Months (n = 35)
*Insulin Sensitive Subjects*

Insulin (μIU/mL)^a	8.9 (0.2)	9.5 (0.7)	10.5 (1.1)^*	9.1 (0.6)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^b	101 (5)	103 (8)	99 (9)	84 (5)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^c	63 (1)	66 (3)	65 (3)^*	71 (3)^*
CRP (μg/mL)^d	3.67 (0.36)	2.85 (0.57)^*	2.92 (0.81)	2.95 (0.69)^*
IL-6 (pg/mL)	2.30 (0.20)	1.23 (0.21)^*	1.63 (0.35)^^,^*	1.58 (0.35)^*
SHBG (nmol/L)	63 (3)	88 (7)^*	71 (7)	80 (6)^*

*Insulin Resistant Subjects*

Insulin (μIU/mL)^a	19.8 (0.7)	14.7 (1.3)^*	16.2 (1.4)	19.3 (2.0)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^b	145 (6)	129 (8)	129 (10)	122 (11)^*
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^c	55 (1)	60 (3)^*	57 (3)^*	61 (2)
CRP (μg/mL)^d	6.00 (0.54)	5.00 (1.27)^*	2.85 (0.42)^*	2.92 (0.56)^*
IL-6 (pg/mL)	2.93 (0.17)	1.73 (0.24)^*	2.00 (1.68)^*	1.50 (0.19)^*
SHBG (nmol/L)	50 (3)	59 (5)^*	54 (7)	57 (7)

Time effect within diet compared with baseline, P < 0.05.

^**

One extreme outlier for IL-6 was excluded from the lower carbohydrate diet group data.

Multiply by 6.945 to obtain pmol/L.

Multiply by 0.0113 to obtain mmol/L.

Multiply by 0.0259 to obtain mmol/L.

Multiply by 9.524 to obtain nmol/L.