. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 3.

Published in final edited form as: Lancet Psychiatry. 2017 Feb 16;4(4):310–319. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30049-4

Table 5.

Results of the exploration of the effect of medication on case-control differences

	Patients currently not taking stimulants versus controls^*			Stimulant use in patients: positive versus negative lifetime history
	n Cases/Controls	Cohen’s d (95%CI)	p-value for Diagnosis	n Never/ever stimulant use in patients only	p-value for positive versus negative for lifetime stimulant use
Accumbens	776/1484	−0.12 (−0.21 – −0.03)	0.007	79/625	0.32
Amygdala	753/1474	−0.18 (−0.27 – −0.10)	4.90 ×10⁻⁹	80/590	0.41
Caudate	777/1502	−0.10 (−0.19 – −0.01)	0.02	80/627	0.15
Hippocampus	757/1446	−0.08 (−0.17 – 0.003)	0.06	80/593	0.69
Pallidum	776/1484	0.01 (−0.07 – 0.10)	0.74	79/621	0.26
Putamen	784/1508	−0.13 (−0.22 – −0.04)	0.004	81/627	0.29
Thalamus	692/1253	−0.03 (0.04 – −0.12)	0.53	80/458	0.29
ICV	793/1512	−0.06 (0.04 – −0.16)	0.15	81/632	0.92

within this group, 152 subjects were lifetime positive for the use of stimulant medication, 82 were lifetime negative; for 565 no lifetime information was available.