Table 1.
Possible biomarkers of oxidative stress (oxidants and antioxidants) in hemodialysis.
| Lipid oxidation | Free radicals | Protein oxidation | DNA oxidation | Antioxidants |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TBARS MDA Ox-LDL F2-isoprostanes Lipoperoxides PCOOH |
Nitric oxide ROS |
Oxidized albumin MPO ADMA AOPPs AGEs Homocysteine Thiols Carbonyls |
8-OHdG 8-OxodG |
Endogenous
TAC SOD CAT GSH GSH-Px GST GSSG GSH/GSSG Ox-LDL antibodies Uric acid Albumin Transferrin, ferritin Exogenous Zn, Cu, Se NAC Vitamin B complex Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Polyphenols A-Lipoic acid Flavonoids L-Carnitine Q-enzyme Q10 Green tea Curcumin Statins Omega-3 fatty acids |
| Measured in (i) Plasma (ii) Whole blood (iii) White blood cells (iv) Red blood cells (v) Platelets | ||||
TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; MDA: malondialdehyde; ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoproteins; PCOOH phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; MPO: myeloperoxidase; ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine; AOPPs: advanced oxidation protein products; AGEs: advanced glycation end-products; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine; 8-oxodG: 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine; TAC: total antioxidant capacity; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GSH: glutathione; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; GST: glutathione transferase; GSSG: reduced oxidized glutathione; GSH/GSSG: ratio of glutathione/oxidized glutathione; Zn: zinc; Cu: copper; Se: selenium; NAC: N-acetyl-cysteine.