Table 1.

Description and example components of costs, health effects, and benefits of vaccination used in the systems map

Category	Description and example components
Vaccination Costs
Cost of transport for beneficiary/caregiver	Cost of public transport or cost of renting vehicles for beneficiary/caregiver[8]
Cost of social mobilization	Salary and/or per diem costs for labor of individuals who mobilize beneficiaries for vaccination (e.g., holding community meetings, events, other sensitization in the community)[8]
Cost of Communication Materials	Cost of developing, printing, and advertising materials to inform about vaccination[8, 14]
Productivity losses	Productivity losses incurred by beneficiary/caregiver taking time off productive work/chores/school for vaccination[10]
Cost of vaccination training	Program and salary costs for personnel who train vaccinators to administer vaccines. Training costs include the cost of venue, per diem for participants, cost of trainers, and reproduction of training materials[8, 14]
Cost of vaccinator	Salary costs for vaccinators’ labor[8]
Cost of provider incentives	Cost of incentive programs for vaccinators[2, 17]
Cost of transport for vaccinator	Cost of vehicle fuel, amortization, and maintenance of transport for vaccinators[57]
Cost of cold boxes/carriers	Cost of vaccine containers[8]
Cost of vaccines	Cost of purchasing vaccines in vials[8]
Cost of transport for vaccines	Cost of vehicle fuel, amortization, and maintenance of vaccines[2, 8]
Cost of transport for supplies	Cost of vehicle fuel, amortization, and maintenance of vaccines[2, 8]
Cost of supplies	Cost of syringes, vaccine injection and safety supplies[2, 8]
Cost of vaccines waste disposal	Cost of vaccine waste disposal systems, including the value of use of incinerators; transportation to and from the incinerator; and operating cost (fuel, maintenance, etc.)[2, 8]
Cost to beneficiary/caregiver of vaccination	Out of pocket costs of receiving vaccine incurred by beneficiary/caregiver[8]
Cost of vaccination site	Capital or rental cost of health facility or vaccination site, recurrent costs of maintaining the health facility or vaccination site, energy, water, and other utility costs of operating the vaccination site[8]
Cost of beneficiary/caregiver incentives	Cost of incentive programs for beneficiary/caregiver[2]
Cost of vaccination record-keeping	Salary costs for personnel keeping vaccination records, program/operational cost of vaccination record-keeping systems[8]
Opportunity Costs
Travel time of beneficiary/caregiver	Travel time spent by beneficiary, caregiver or vaccinator for vaccination[8, 58]
Time of others caring for children/animals	Time spent by other individuals, other than beneficiary/caregiver, including hourly or volunteer labor[10]
Time away from productive work/chores/school	Time spent away from wage work, school, household chores, and other non-wage tasks/activities by beneficiaries/caregivers to obtain vaccinations[10]
Time of vaccinator to treat other patients	Time spent by vaccinator administering vaccinations instead of treating other patients/performing other duties
Opportunity cost of outreach	Opportunity cost of other activities forgone by health system to conduct outreach vaccination activities[8, 57]
Health Effects for Individual
Adverse events from vaccination	Cost of adverse events, negative side effects from vaccination[14]
Beneficiary has longer lifespan	Beneficiary does not have premature death due to a VPD[14]
Beneficiary can develop adequate cognitive function	Beneficiary can develop adequate cognitive function due to averting morbidity or sequelae from a VPD[41]
Beneficiary can absorb nutrition	Beneficiary has improved nutrition absorption and cognitive outcomes due to averting morbidity or sequelae from a VPD[42–44]
Death averted	Beneficiary does not die from a VPD[10, 14]
Disability averted	Beneficiary does not become physically disabled due to a VPD[14, 47]
Illness averted	Beneficiary does not become sick from a VPD[47]
Health Effects for Others
Distress averted from family illness	Averted costs of psychological impacts of family members having VPDs
Control of antimicrobial resistance	Societal benefits from vaccines that reduce the need for antibiotic use; hence, reducing the rate of development of antimicrobial resistance[45, 46]
Other people stay healthy	Herd-effect benefit associated with the other people who do not get sick with a VPD as a result of beneficiaries receiving vaccination[48]
Health Measures
QALYS gained	Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained from beneficiary not dying or becoming disabled due to VPDs[14]
DALYS averted	Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) gained from beneficiary not dying or becoming disabled due to VPDs[14, 47]
Immediate Economic Benefits
Cost of transport for beneficiary/caregiver averted	Averted transport costs from beneficiary/caregiver not having to travel to a health facility due to a VPD[8, 58]
Treatment costs averted	Averted treatment costs from beneficiary/caregiver not having to seek treatment for a VPD[14]
Hospitalization costs averted	Averted hospitalization costs from beneficiary/caregiver not having to incur hospitalization costs due to a VPD[59]
Time away from productive work/chores/school averted	Averted time away from productive work/chores/school by beneficiary/caregiver due to a VPD[14]
Time of others caring for children/animals averted	Averted time of others caring for children/animals due to a beneficiary having a VPD[10]
Travel time of beneficiary/caregiver averted	Averted travel time by beneficiary/caregiver due to a VPD[14]
Secondary Economic Benefits
Demographic dividend	Caregiver and societal benefits from having fewer children due to averted child mortality from VPDs[52]
Economic growth	Increase in production of goods and services due to averted productivity losses due to VPDs[53]
Equity	Equity benefit of marginalized and vulnerable populations not being burdened by VPDs depending on vaccination strategy; More equal distribution of health outcomes[10]
Poverty averted	Beneficiary avoids financial loss and impoverishment from health costs related to a VPD[51]
Costs of caring for disabled averted	Averted costs to caregivers caring for individuals disabled due to a VPD[14]